French Revolution and Women - 3224 Words

Do you see a change in the status and role of the women during the French Revolution? In what ways did it find and an expression in popular culture, art and the new political changes associated with the French Revolution? BY: RITESH AGARWAL B.A. HISTORY HONS IIIRD YEAR MODERN WORLD HISTORY The great French feminist, Simone de Beauviour remarked, â€Å"The world has always belonged to males †¦ One might expect the French Revolution to have changed women’s lot. It did nothing of the kind. That bourgeois institution and bourgeois values; and it were almost made exclusively by men.† However, since the time of Simone de Beauvoir, recent scholarship, starting from the 1970’s has brought to light the enormous role women played in the French†¦show more content†¦The organization charged expensive dues, which most working-class women were not able to afford; most of the club’s population consisted of upper class women. The most notable of the women’s clubs was the Club des Citoyennes Republicaines Revolutionnaires, which was founded in the spring of 1793 by Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe. The women that were part of this club were sans-culottes who emphasized economic claims, cheap food, and basic improvements for women rather than demands of feminists like Olympe de Gouges and Etta Palm d’Aelders. Women’s political involvement was stimulated by clubs, but there was also a more focused vein who sought greater rights for women. The feminist movement began as early as1789 when Olympe de Gouges, a failed working-class actres s, petitioned the National Assembly for reforms, she demanded â€Å"full legal equality of the sexes, wide job opportunities for women, a state alternative to the primary dowry system, and schooling for girls.† In 1791, de Gouges published her â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Women† which was modeled on â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen† and called for equal rights between women and men, a National Assembly for women, a single standard of justice, and freedom of speech for women. During the same time, the Marquise de Condorcet,Show MoreRelatedWomen Of The French Revolution1696 Words   |  7 PagesWomen participated in virtually every aspect of the French Revolution. Their participation almost always proved controversial, as women s status in the family, society, and politics had long been a subject of great debate. In the eighteenth century, women were destined to cater to their husbands and families, taking on domestic roles in the h ome rather than public, political ones. Despite this, women in the revolution demonstrated themselves as symbols of subversive brilliance, previously unprecedentedRead MoreWomen in the French Revolution1101 Words   |  5 Pages9:45-11:10 Women in the French Revolution: The Ultimate Failure of Women’s Acquisition of Equal Rights The French Revolution has often been touted as the revolution that liberated individuals and gave triumph to traditionally oppressed groups. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which was France’s declaration of rights drafted during the revolution, garnered basic human rights to all man, leaving all women as a subservient afterthought. Due to this oversight, many women as wellRead MoreWomen in the French Revolution714 Words   |  3 Pagesthe streets of Paris during the French Revolution (Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities). The French Revolution started in 1789 and came to a complete end in 1799; it was a turning point for the majority of France, the commoners, who were pressured by the aristocracy. Women during this time had little to no rights, but were very involved in the Revolution. They handled necessary duties for women at that time as well as staging demonstrations and riots; other women were more involved than othersRead MoreWomen in the Fren ch Revolution1796 Words   |  8 PagesWomen in the French Revolution The French Revolution was a time of cast conflict that dramatically altered the political and social order of France. Women during the revolution period had many roles including theyre political involvement, donation of time to revolutionaries, and contributions to ideologies. However, with all the contributions, women were still victimized by the changes that occurred. While these roles had a huge impact on the equality between mean and women this impact did notRead MoreWomen And Women During The French Revolution1413 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the French Revolution, namely 1789, men and women were both dealing with change in government, society, and many different aspects of life. Two documents that represent the rights of men and women are Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and The Vindication of the Rights of Woman. These two documents are similar in content because they describe how men and women should be treated as equals in society. The Declaration of the R ights of Man and of the Citizen came first, and sparkedRead More Declaring the Rights of Men and Women in the French Revolution628 Words   |  3 Pages The French Revolution was a dark time in the history of man. From corruption in government to the almost certainty of starvation for the French peasants, there seemed to be no sign of better times. These were just a few of the logs in the ever-growing revolutionary fire that was burning in the late 1700s. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There were many causes to the French Revolution ranging from: poor distribution of power and wealth, a bad harvest which left no grain for bread, a manufacturingRead MoreWomen s Rights During The French Revolution1041 Words   |  5 Pages However, ‘theory’ is the key word here, as this was not true in practice. As Johnson highlights, there were no legal provisions at any point during the French Revolution to guarantee these rights. Although the estates system was abolished, the class system remained, and there continued to be huge wealth disparity in France. As the October Days in the same year highlighted, urban workers continued to struggle to afford bread. The Declaration only guaranteed equality of rights. Although this isRead MoreBroken Promises of the French Revolution and Why French Women Did Not Get the Vote Until 19442987 Words   |  12 PagesPromises of the French Revolution and Why French Women Did Not Get the Vote Until 1944 Because of the discontinuity of French political history, the strength of the Patriarchal culture, and the inability of the French feminist movement to form a cohesive unit, French women could not obtain the right to vote until 1944. To answer the question of why French women did not receive the right to vote until April 21, 1944, one only needs to look at the paradoxical nature of the French Revolution of 1789Read MoreElusive Women Rights As widely cited the French Revolution served as the greatest war of liberation3000 Words   |  12 PagesElusive Women Rights As widely cited the French Revolution served as the greatest war of liberation of the human race and decried as bloodthirsty lesson on the working of mob mentality. Women despite their extensive participation in the relatively legitimate and orderly legislative and political process, which characterized the first phase of the Revolution, as well as in the violence of the Terror were no better off in 1804 after the formulation of the Napoleonic Code. The question asked is plainRead MoreThe French Revolution of 1789- 1799 was a time of change for many people of France. The Revolution600 Words   |  3 PagesThe French Revolution of 1789- 1799 was a time of change for many people of France. The Revolution led to many changes in France which at the time of the Revolution, was the most powerful state in Europe. The major cause of the French Revolution was the disputes between the different types of social classes in French society. Harsh economic conditions brought high taxes and bad ha rvests resulted in suffering for the revolutionary women. They broke people down in Three estates: 1st was made up of

The Catholic Church Of England - 1010 Words

Life back in the 1600s wasn’t at all too easy.The rulers didn’t have enough knowledge of ruling their place correctly.They thought that the way they were governing was faultless, but it wasn’t. Many colonists were almost forced to move away from their home to have a better way of life. This was bad and good at the same time. Bad, because the people were struggling, but good, because without this, America would have not been as hardworking as it is now. Gladly, America was vastly available for growing colonies. For instance, the European Pilgrims, also known as Separatists, had to depart. Named Separatists because of their separation from a church they did not like any more. It happened when King Henry VIII began to reign; he had changed their Roman Catholic Church into the Church of England. The Pilgrims did not enjoy the way this was going, they thought that this way was not right and wanted to continue practicing their faith their own, original way.They tried to do this, but it became illegal to practice any other form than the Church of England’s way. Then, they had no other choice and decided to move to Holland, escaping religious persecution and seeking religious freedom. In Holland, they began having a better life, but nothing can last forever.Although it seemed like the perfect place to live in, the Pilgrim’s children were becoming used to Holland s cultures and quickly adapted to Dutch’s ways and languages. This was another problem they did not want. So, theyShow MoreRelatedWas Henry Viii Catholic or Protestant1718 Words   |  7 Pageswas the second English Tudor king, after his father, Henry VII. He reigned over England from, 21st April 1509 until, 28th January 1547. During his childhood and his first marriage, Henry was a firm believer of the Catholic Church and of the Pope. However things changed and later in Henrys reign the English reformation came to England; the monasteries were closed and Henry separated himself from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry was definitely starting to look more and more like a protestant. There areRead MoreFactors that Cause The Great Schism Essay examples1175 Words   |  5 Pagesdivision in Chris tianity took place in 1054 CE between the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. This event is known as the Great Schism. The two areas of disagreement that caused the division were: * Who should be leader of the Christian Church? * The way in which the Trinity was to be understood. Christians in the West believed that the Pope should be the leader of the Christian Church. This was because he was the successor to St Peter. The Christians in theRead MoreTradition and Dissent in English Christianity from the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries1554 Words   |  7 Pageswill trace the footsteps of tradition and dissent of Christianity in England between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries by looking at the statement â€Å"†¦ a previous generation’s â€Å"dissent† itself becomes â€Å"tradition†, and a previously dominant tradition becomes dissent.† (Tradition and Dissent p72). With particular reference to the differences between Protestants and Catholics. Before the Reformation, England was a Roman Catholic society that was led by the Pope in Rome. Religious life followedRead MoreThe Rise Of The Renaissance1448 Words   |  6 PagesThe Renaissance movement brought upon a new sense of humanism, thus gradually breaking individuals further away from the Church’s previous dominant ideas. Previous to the Renaissance, the Church held the presiding ideas upon mostly everything in society. The social norm was to follow and believe what the Church had said to be true. However, the Renaissance brought about impending ideas on concepts throughout the world. Leaders such as Henry VIII, Mary I, and Elizabeth I arose to power amid thisRead MoreThe Effect Of The Reformation On The Roman Catholic Church1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of the Reformation on the Roman Catholic Church The Roman Catholic Church grew from an outlawed and persecuted religion to a well-organized and powerful ruling body in the western world. After the death of Jesus of Nazareth his disciples begin to spread his teachings of love and salvation through a single God. However, early Christians quickly became seen as a threat to the most powerful Empire at the time; Rome. Being monotheistic they refused to offer sacrifice to state ran cults andRead MoreThe During The Reign Of Henry Viii1280 Words   |  6 PagesHenry VIII, England had witnessed the most dramatic enforcement of the power of the king. The events leading up to the English Reformation were the catalyst for major changes with the political and religious power of the king that would be carried on throughout English history. The problems that the Medieval English Church faced were some of the major reasons why the reformation took place.Even though there were external factors that influenced the separation of the Church of Eng land from the RomanRead MoreThe Reformation During The 20th Century914 Words   |  4 Pageschange; people needed to see change in the church, in the religion, in the beliefs. The Reformation for such change began in the early 16th century, with the most prominent Reformations happening in Germany and in England. The reformation in Germany was led by none other than Martin Luther and while he wanted to reform the church and spread Lutheranism throughout Germany, King Henry VIII wanted an annulment and the power to control all aspects of England, however, both of these reformations were afterRead MoreA Brief History of Religion in Englad884 Words   |  4 PagesReformation, England was a Roman Catholic society that was led by the Pope in Rome. Religious life followed a very traditional and structured way of life and was very much ‘deeply embedded in the whole social and mental fabric of the country’ (Russell, 1996, p. 262). Roman Catholic’s were a very visual and ritual based religion and their churches were extremely lavish in design and contained highly decorated furnishings inside (Wolffe, 2008). England’s dissent from the Catholic Church began withRead MoreThe Church Of England Was Only A Half R1225 Words   |  5 PagesJessica Annobil Mrs Harris â€Å"The Church of England was only a half reformed church in the period 1559-1603†. To what extent is this statement valid? (45marks) This statement is valid to a considerable extent. This is due to the fact that before Elizabeth came to the throne her siblings had been before her, Edward VI (1547-53) and Mary I (1553-59), these two had a contrasting religious beliefs and both implemented harsh penalties for those who did not conform to their religious reform. This is oneRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Reformation1476 Words   |  6 Pagesreligious, political, intellectual and cultural uprising that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice.† On October 31 1517, Martin Luther nailed the 95 thesis’ to the door of the church of Wittenberg.†These theses were up for debate on the errors of

Being on Time in the Military Free Essays

string(112) " speak about delays of air flights that are common in large cities and which ruin plans of thousands of people\." Discipline is being considered as a primary requisite in each military academy in the world. Especially, during any military training discipline is being required. So, show how well disciplined soldier you are in front of your senior military officials you should be punctual. We will write a custom essay sample on Being on Time in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now Punctuality plays a vital role in making any cadet a full fledged military official. Military training is considered as one of the toughest assignment to crack. The road of performing all the drills and exercises will not be so easy for you. So, as to make you feel comfortable and perform all your drills easily various military trainers and sergeants are available during the whole process to guide you through. The transformation of leading a disciplinary military life from a casual civilian life is pure hardship. Therefore, soldiers like you are forced to take part in these toughest drills and exercises, so as to make you and others like you a disciplinary soldier within a limited time frame. There are lots of training sessions being organized in various military campuses especially to make you a combat fighter through these military training programs one of them is time Bundeshwar soldiers ( in german Zeitsoldaten Bundeswehr ). You should also bore in mind that these senior military officers are not being appointed to make friendship. So, you must follow their instructions is the best disciplinary manner. If you take them for granted or if in any way break the punctuality among the whole platoon, then seriously you are in deep trouble. The next moment you will find yourself running 100 rounds of the military campus in the scorching sun as a punishment. You may get negative marking from your military trainer also. So, as to stay away from these you need to follow a simple step, e. g. , punctuality. Being soldiers on time ( in german Soldaten auf Zeit ) will automatically make a mark for you on the eyes of your trainer. He can motivate the platoon, by giving reference to how discipline and punctual are you. These have many negative reputations as many military stories being spread as a cheap publicity against you. So, stay away from these cheap publicities. Always remember that these military training programs are specifically designed to remain discipline. So the hour for the training varies to transform an average person of today like you to a disciplinary of tomorrow. Time is the primary key during these military training programs. Punctuality helps you to learn that only. It is also being regarded as a special norm in performing the training. No soldiers are allowed to break these norms. If he tries to break these norms then he may face harsh military action, even a court marshal. Unpunctual soldiers are not being allowed in military. Being late can been excused one or two times, but if you are late always, prior noticing your seniors, clearly shows your negative attitude which these officials ill-effort to tolerate. You should remember that you are a member of your platoon and coming late from you side can affect in the performance of your whole platoon. They may be stay awaited for long which can be like a punishment. So, try to be punctual during the entire training procedure and once you become a full fledged military official then you will realize and also mark a difference among what you were earlier before joining the military and what military strictness had done to you today. I am sure you will forget all your hardship days of training and relish the present moment. Time, often we do not pay attention to this concept. Moreover, often we believe that time is endless and we do not care what time it is and what time will take some activity. As a result, we do not do our work on time, we may be late, and we may simply waste carelessly our time. However, such an attitude to time may be crucial and lead to disastrous effects. This is why being on time is of a paramount importance and knowing it perfectly well. First of all, I should say that being on time is extremely important not only because it is impolite in relation to other people, but rather because it may play a crucial role in the life of an individual. At the same time, being on time may influence substantially interpersonal relations and it is a perfect characteristic of an individual. In this respect it should be said that if a person is late, it is a bit irritating, but if he/she is late regularly, than it is quite a disturbing fact. On the one hand, it proves that this person do not really respect those people who are waiting for him/her. On the other hand, it proves that this person is absolutely irresponsible because being late means that the person is unable to do his/her duties well. In contrast, being on time proves that the person is highly responsible and is ready to fulfill his/her duty without delay. Such characteristics of an individual are particularly important in army. At any rate, I, in person, know that I cannot be late because I cannot be late for half an hour or even less late and just excuse myself and continue my work. In fact, I am conscious of the fact that even a minute of delay will lead to the failure of the entire operation that, in the military is absolutely unacceptable. It seems to be obvious that the consequences of the lack of punctuality may lead to disastrous effects in my work. But I can definitely say that I will lose my job and this will be not the worst outcome of my lack of punctuality, because in the army the schedule is everything. However, even in the civilian aviation world, being on time is not less important. I don’t even speak about delays of air flights that are common in large cities and which ruin plans of thousands of people. You read "Being on Time in the Military" in category "Essay examples" It is obvious that if the work of the civil aviation goes wrong, for instance, when an operator cannot inform pilots about whether changes on time this may lead to the crash of a plane. Thus, it is possible to conclude that being on time is important because of several reasons. Firstly, being on time is equal to being polite and respectful to other people. Secondly, it creates a positive image of a person and proves his/her responsibility. Finally, being on time it is often the question of life and death. A soldier is considered as the ‘man of the moment. It is because, the military organizations treat timeliness with extreme importance. It orients all courses of their activities and their success depends on the quality of that orientation. Therefore constant researches go on in every military organization to raise the understanding of timeliness among its members, many schemes are being formulated to improve the scope of doing more in little time, or doing something exactly on time add to that the relentless practice of forming the habit of being on time. No wonder then, why the military personnel is regarded as the epitome of timeliness. The magnitude of the importance of timeliness in military may be felt by the civilians occasionally through the examples like when militaries act within a fraction of time to save the lives of the millions or when they save the civilization from any other disaster by a whisker. But then, those ideas are too little to delve in the realm of painstaking process through which the militaries attain a high state of alacrity and coordination of the body and mind. Those qualities are built through the extensive curriculum based on timeliness. That is why, military organizations regard timeliness as the main key to their functioning the prime governing element in their every level of existence. This perception of the civilians. It is the tool for their nature of service is varied and unpredictable at times, besides the regulation jobs of keeping the entire force ready to execute any operation within any given moment. This asks for cohesion among all rank and of the organization, which is a huge, daunting task and which seldom gives any scope to revise and re-do. This compels them to plan for even the minutest moves or possibilities under a given circumstance where loss of even a split-second might cause the failure, resulting in deaths or destruction. Thus, timeliness virtually forms the spine of a military organization, where one ‘s movement needs to be synchronized with another. A military force also works like an orchestra, where one’s failure to deliver in time will destroy the harmony of a unified movement the only difference is, music deals with aesthetic pleasure of humans and the militaries deal with the survival factors of mankind. Every act of military commands to be a product of vast calculations and coordinations, that serves to the plans stemming out of a master plan. This series of activities are interdependent and chained with time. The flow of action here would break down the moment someone fails to perform at the right time set for him/her. This is a set situation for military forces and it can take place anywhere, be it in the war-field or in the base camp. It is important to be on time, both in the Army and in the civilian sector, for multiple reasons. Among these reasons, the ones that stand out to me the most are unprofessionalism, being fired, receiving adverse disciplinary actions, and failing your co-workers/comrades. Being late or tardy to work can cause not only yourself but everyone at your place of employment problems. When being late or tardy, you are showing that you are not a professional. It can also be assumed that you do not care or respect your job the way you should or need to. When your employer begins to think that you are careless with your job or don’t care about your job they can decide that you are no longer a valuable asset to their company/organization. Once your employer thinks you are no longer an asset to their company/organization they can choose to fire you or they will keep a closer eye on you and wait for another reason to fire you. Being late can cause adverse actions to take place. There are many important reasons that a soldier needs to be at his or her appointed place of duty on time. Being at your appointed place of duty on time is important because your leadership is held accountable for you and your absence. If you feel that you are going to be late you should contact your chain of command and let them know of your tardiness immediately. If you are not at your place of duty then you should expect your chain of command to be calling you or coming to your house. If a soldier does not show up to his/her appointed place of duty it can affect unit cohesion and mission completion. When I talk about unit cohesion, I am referring to the collective efforts of the group. A unit generally shares a common goal and should be motivated to coordinate their efforts as a team to achieve that goal. Now, if you have a soldier that does not show up to help complete that goal, that soldier has not only placed more work on his/her unit members, but has effectively let his or her unit down. This can cause a multitude of problems that may affect the overall completion of a mission. The Army is all about putting the mission first. Failure to be at your appointed place of duty can also result in an Article 86 Absent without leave. Accountability is essential for any society to function and military accountability is no different. We are all held accountable in one way or another. For example, there are laws to obey and if we fail to be obedient, we may have to suffer the consequences set by the officials who hold us accountable. Accountability is simply being responsible for one’s actions. Accountability is the quality or state of being accountable, which by definition means an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility. Every soldier is responsible to perform all assigned duties in a proficient manner, and those who neglect this responsibility will be held accountable. It is crucial to the success of the military to instill accountability into each and every one of their service members. The concept of accountability is so strictly enforced because the failure of one soldier to do its part could result in the failure of team’s entire mission. Accountability is a very important part of a soldier’s job, whether that soldier is junior enlisted or an NCO. Why it is important to show up for formation on time? It is always important to show up on time so that way your leadership knows and has accountablity of you at all times. If for some reason you were not to show up on time and you were not to tell them they would be heald accountable for your abscence. Also not only would they get into trouble it would also be your ass for in the Army shit roles down hill. It is always good to let your chain of command know as soon as possible so that they are aware of you abscence and can be tracking so that way they can let either First Sergeant or the commander know and can make plans to accomodate you in any way that you might need. If in any case you are not able to get ahold of your leadership make sure you get get an alliby to confirm your whereabouts. There is a reason for everything we do in the military. The military is comprised of discipline, training, history, selfless service, and respect, among others. Being on time is one of the most important parts of the military. If you are not disciplined enough to be where you need to be at the proper time, then it shows you have no respect for authority. Military discipline is founded upon self-discipline, respect for properly constituted authority, and the embracing of the professional Army ethic with its supporting individual values. Military discipline is developed by individual and group training to create a mental attitude resulting in proper conduct and prompt obedience to lawful military authority. While military discipline is the result of effective training, it is affected by every feature of military life. It is manifested in individuals and units by cohesion, bonding, and a spirit of teamwork; by sharpness of appearance and action; by cleanliness and maintenance of dress, equipment, and quarters; by deference to seniors and mutual respect between senior and subordinate personnel; by the prompt and willing execution of both the letter and the spirit of the legal orders of their lawful commanders; and by fairness, justice, and equity for all soldiers, regardless of race, religion, color, and gender. The importance of being on time is that so you will be early to where ever you need to be, and what ever you need to do. If you are early you will always have time to make sure everything that you need to do is straight and there aren’t errors in what you need to do. It is important to be on time for work because it shows that you are dedicated in the things that you do and it can help you in moving up in your field of work. It is important to be on time in the military because you will be at the right place at the right time, you will be accountable for and if anything was to happen no one can accuse you of any thing because you were where you were suppose to be at the right time. Whenever you show up late to some thing it shows that you have no discipline or respect for any one else because now every one has to wait for you to arrive instead of starting on time or possibly earlier. If you constantly show up late it ends up becoming a habit and you will always be late for everything. Ok well there’s a lot of reasons as of to why it’s important to be on time, not just for the Army, but a lot of other situations in the real world that have curtain effects that could become consequential to you and sometimes to others as well. Not only that but in some cases even deadly. A word always comes to mind when talking about being on time and that is punctuality. Punctuality is the characteristic of being able to complete a required task or fulfill an obligation before or at a previously designated time. Some cultures have an unspoken understanding that actual deadlines are different from stated deadlines. For example, it may be understood in a particular culture that people will turn up an hour later than advertised. In this case, since everyone understands that a 9am meeting will actually start around 10 am, no one is inconvenienced when everyone turns up at 10 am. It’s the same with the army there is an unspoken understanding that everyone has to be there 10 minutes prior at their destination. Also in some cultures being late is a huge sign of disrespect. How to cite Being on Time in the Military, Essay examples Being on Time in the Military Free Essays In the military there are set standards, most of which are pretty simply accomplished. All soldiers are expected to meet these standards on a daily basis, as being in the Army is a 24 hours a day, 7 days week job. One of these standards that holds great importance is accountability, as well as being on time. We will write a custom essay sample on Being on Time in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now Failure to meet these standards can and will result in some quite extensively negative consequences. Soldier’s are responsible for reporting to their squad leaders. This allows the NCO and the rest of the chain of command to ensure that they are at the right place at the right time. Without proper accountability it is impossible to know if, for instance, a soldier is injured or missing. Having proper accountability can prevent much confusion, frustration, and even dangers among the unit. If someone has not reported to their squad leader, they may assume that that person is missing, injured, or simply AWOL. Morning formation is the most important formation of the day. First formation tells the chain of command who is where. If the enlisted in charge can not give a list of who is where at that time, it can cause issue down the chain. This formation lets the higher command know who is available to be assigned to additional details, and who is currently on a detail. It ensures that everyone who is supposed to be there is showing up on time for work, earning their paycheck. The work call formation can be just as important as morning formation. When someone doesn’t show up, it can cause complications for the current mission(s) and the unit. The responsibilities of that person will have to fall upon the others in the unit, creating frustrated and tired soldiers. If a soldier does not show up at the mandated time and place, it will then be the chain of command’s responsibility to implement corrective training that matches the offence. If the soldier can not be at the right time and place, it gives the impression that they are not dependable. Having a soldier in your ranks who you can not count on or trust can have a chain reaction of negative effects. Distrust in itself can lead to negative feelings toward each other. These negative feelings can spread, and cause soldiers to become hostile and possibly violent with others. In garrison, these issues can be more easily solved. However, when overseas the soldiers will be together far more often, and will need to count on each other to have their backs and possibly save their lives. Trust is a very important attribute to have within the unit. If someone is always late, undependable, and can’t be trusted, how are the other soldiers supposed to count on that person to have their back overseas? A unit cannot act as a team without this necessary dependency on each other. In instances such as missing movement, harsher consequences will follow. Article 87 from UCMJ states that â€Å"Any person subject to this chapter who through neglect or design misses the movement of a ship, aircraft, or unit with which he is required in the course of duty to move shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. † This means that if a soldier knowingly, either by neglect to prepare or by intent misses a movement, they will go to trial by court marshal. If a movement is missed, it opens up a whole world of problems for the rest of the unit. If the soldier can not be found in time, they may need to come up with a replacement to that person’s job. When no replacement can be found, the working unit will be left one man short. Again, that persons responsiblities will fall on everybody else. In an overseas environment where stress and depression rates are higher, this is not a good thing. It is my opinion that someone who misses movement is essentially abandoning their buddies. Each and every soldier in the Army is trained to be punctual and responsible. We are taught from the first day at basic training to be 15 minutes early to each and every formation. It is a basic soldiering skill, that does not require much skill or thinking at all. How to cite Being on Time in the Military, Essays

Case study for Greenlease Kidnapping free essay sample

Once the nun released Bobby to Bonnie they proceeded to the same cab Bonnie used to get to the Institute. Once Bonnie left the cab, she eventually met up with her partner, Carl Hall. The driver of the cab, Willard Pearson Screech, told authorities that a woman fitting the description of Bonnie and Bobby had entered his cab and drove them to a drug store. The two kidnappers drove the young boy to a secluded farm; this is where Carl shot young Bobby at point-blank range with a . 38 caliber revolver and buried him by the front porch.The Agreeableness received their first ransom letter 6:pm on September 28, 1 953; this ransom note was first of many. The first note promised Bobbys safe return within 24 hours as long as there were no tricks in delivering the ransom money of $600,000. The second ransom note was delivered to the family on September 29, 1 953 which contained a medal that Bobby had worn and state the Bobby was k but missed his family (FBI 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on Case study for Greenlease Kidnapping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Agreeableness received more than a half dozen more ransom notes and 15 telephone calls.They received their last phone call on October 5, 1953, he kidnappers stated that they had received the $600,000 and that Bobby would be returned within 24 hours. After receiving the ransom money the two kidnappers went to SST. Louis, Missouri where Hall left Heady with only $2,000. On October 6, 1953 Hall moved into an apartment in SST. Louis this is where he would later be arrested (FBI 2013). The investigation The SST. Louis Police department received a phone call on October 6, 1 953 from a cab driver by the name, John Oliver Hager.John Hager was a driver for the Ace Cab many and his Information on Carl Hall lead to his arrest. At this point in erne, there was another cab driver by the name of Willard Pearson Screech told authorities that he saw a women who fit the description of Bonnie Heady and that she was with a young boy who fit Bobbys description. He said that he personally drove heady to the school and then was told to wait. When she returned to the cab she had Bobby with her and then dropped them off at a drug store. After leaving the cab, they stopped behind a Blue 1952 or 1953 Ford Sedan.Why TLD the police follow up on this lead? This was a solid lead in the case. In looking at the Bis police report there is no mention of Screechs statement, yet on the Bis website it mentions his statement. I find that a little peculiar. Why do the police listen touch Olive Hager rather than Screech? After Carl was arrested, John led them to the whereabouts of Bonnie where she was taken into custody. Once they were both In custody they both openly confessed to the kidnapping of young Bobby. However, Bonnie stated that her only Hall was going to murder the boy.The investigation as whole was very solid and solved in a quick manner. I plan on doing further research as to why the police would not include Screechs statement into the police reports; I personally believe that this case would have been solved in a faster time period than it was. Screechs statement could have allowed the police to track the license plate to see who that vehicle was registered to. The boys body was found by FBI agents on October 7, 1953 buried near the front porch of the Heady residence. Blood stains and some . 8 caliber shell assign were found in the basement of the Heady residence, the smoking gun of the case. The FBI laboratory matched the shell casings found at the Heady residence to Halls gun. According to the FBI over half of the $600,000 ransom money was never found. The FBI investigative team found the two suitcases which reportedly had the money, which were in Halls possession at the time of his arrest, were not brought to the Precinct in SST. Louis. The lead investigator Lieutenant Louis Aria Shoulders and Patrolman Elmer Dolan were indicted for perjury.This case has some questionable elements to it, which I Just cant wrap my head around. Not using a statement that could help to a quicker arrest, and then the lead investigator and a patrol man indicted for perjury? On October 30, 1953, Hall and Bonnie both appeared before a Judge and plead guilty to the crime. The Jury recommended the death penalty and only after an hour of deliberations confirmed. As stated above this case has some elements that are questionable and a little upsetting of course but the main thing is that Justice was served for young Bobby.

Add a MySQL Column Using the Add Column Command

Add a MySQL Column Using the Add Column Command The command add column  is used to add an additional column to any given MySQL table. To do this, you must specify the column name  and type. Note:  The  add column  command is sometimes referred to as  additional column  or  new column. How to Add a MySQL Column Adding a column to an existing table is done with this syntax: alter table add column [new column name] [type]; Heres an example: alter table icecream add column flavor varchar (20) ; What this example would end up doing is adding the column flavor to the table icecream, just as it says above. It would be in the database varchar  (20) format. Know, however, that the column clause is not required. So, you could instead use add [new column name]..., like this: alter table icecream add flavor varchar (20) ; Adding a Column After an Existing Column Something you may prefer to do is add a column after a specified existing column. So, if youd like to add the column  flavor  after one called  size, you could do something like this: alter table icecream add  column flavor varchar (20) after size; Changing a Column Name on a MySQL Table You can change a columns name with the  alter table  and  change  commands. Read more about that in the How to Change a Column Name in MySQL tutorial.

The Beginning of Segregation †History Essay

The Beginning of Segregation – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Beginning of Segregation History Essay Segregation is a term that every American has heard and has their own definition of. What many American’s do not realize is that segregation is not just something that happened as soon as the end of the Civil War was over. This separation of blacks and whites took time and a lot of effort by white southerners to put in place. When Did Southern Segregation Begin takes a piece of history that many do not like to think about and analyzes it from many different angles. Each article in the book has a different view point. C. Vann’s The Strange Career of Jim Crow says that the reason for segregation is the laws that were enforced during the late nineteenth century or â€Å"de jure.† The article talks of how the â€Å"relaxation of the opposition† (pg 53) is a major cause for the Democrats being able come back into power and the implement of the eventual segregation laws such as Jim Crow laws. It seemed like even though the blacks and whites separated themselves from each other, they were starting to learn to work together and to tolerate each other. The excerpt also shows how blacks and whites learned to be civilized when they encountered each other. The division of the two races happens soon after the end of the Civil War. In churches and schools were probably some of the first places to be spilt. During the time, neither place was to be segregated by law. Both places became segregated by the choice of the public. This is an early example of how the blacks separated themselves from the Whites to start to own life as free people. Vann Woodward also talks about the reactions of people in the late nineteenth century to the placement and enforcement of the Jim Crow laws. Of course the black communities were against any law restricting them from everyday rights and everyday convenience. Many whites also were not satisfied with the thought of Jim Crow Laws. The article quotes a Charleston editor saying, â€Å"We have no more need for a Jim Crow System this year than we had last year.†(49). This is just one example of people who saw no need for Jim Crow Laws. Joel Williamson’s, The Separation of the Races, shows segregation being a social separation, or â€Å"de facto,† and claims that it started at the end of the Civil War. The withdrawal of blacks is not because of hatred for the white man, but was a need to leave their past behind them and move away from slavery and servitude. The excerpt shows that many people believe that â€Å"separation was also a way to avoiding interracial violence† (63). The withdrawal of blacks immediately following the Civil War gave whites the idea they had control over the situation. Even though blacks were not giving in, they were just looking for separation between them and the white man. Blacks started to push for equal rights in public areas. Whites started to withdrawal themselves to avoid mixing with blacks. This withdrawal became a push to have the color line clearly drawn and to have laws set in place to prevent mixing of the races. Edward L. Ayers’s, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction, shows how extreme the battle for a proper place to ride on the train was and how railroads were the starting place for segregation, since the railroad companies were trying to separate the races with no legal right. The trains were turned into the first major place of tension after the Civil War. The segregation on the railroad was just an issue for first class or lady’s car. This is where all the conflict started. During the late eighteen hundreds, many whites and rail road companies were sued over the placement of blacks on the train, and more importantly the first class car. Blacks learned what lines they could cross and not be in the wrong legally. So they pushed for equal accommodations. Howard N. Rabinowitz’s, From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern Race Relations, 1865-1890, says segregation began toward the end of the nineteenth century and was caused by the blacks’ continual push for equal rights. So in turn, whites segregated the races by using laws to keep the blacks from mixing with whites. The color line slowly became very distinct and did not allow direct association with whites in social situations or any situation; they would be allowed to be involved in similar things just in a separate room or separate area. Many blacks just wanted to be treated fairly under the idea of the â€Å"separate but equal† law established by â€Å"Plessey vs. Ferguson.† Whites were not restricted by the law like the blacks were, so if a white man wanted to ride on a first class black car, he may. In turn, blacks just wanted the same restrictions on their cars and their property as the whites had on their cars against a black man. Barbara Y. Welke’s, When All the Women Were White, and All the Blacks were Men: Gender, Class, Race, and the Road to Plessy, 1815-1914, says the segregation began as a perpetration of races and gender on the railroad. The excerpt implies that there are four different kinds of people; White women, White men, Black women, and Black men. The issue of the railroad centered on who could ride on the first class or Lady’s car, and how gender affected this. The main issue was whether it was going to be allowed for black women to be able to ride in the first class car. There were many court cases brought against whites by blacks in response to being removed or threatened to leave a first class car. Finally, in the court case Logwood vs. Memphis Charleston R.R., the judge ruled that â€Å"if a railroad company furnished for white ladies a car with special privileges of seclusion and other comforts, the same must be substantially furnished for colored ladies†(140). T his ruling gave the railroad law to separate the races but with equal accommodations. In the final excerpt, Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow by Leon F. Litwack, he talks of how southern segregation started when the new generation of blacks would not stay in â€Å"their place.† The excerpt talks about how the new generation of blacks did not respect the old ways of the South. The new generation of blacks questioned the lines that separated them from white southerners. The increasing numbers of blacks who would not stay in â€Å"their place† alerted the white community and helped push for the urgent need of laws to restrict their movement and advancement in society. These laws made segregation a common practice of life in the South. Society continued to grow more, and more blacks started to work and associate with whites in places like factories, libraries, and laundromats. So segregation was something whites thought they needed everywhere. The work place became a completely segregated area. The only times mixing of the rac es would take place was only under emergency conditions, during cleanings, and to have a repair man fix a problem. Any place where a black man could be on equal footing with a white man was segregated as quickly as possible. The black man was then offered similar but unequal facilities. This book sites many causes for segregation. There are similar views, like such as Woodward, Litwack, and Rabinowitz’s believe that segregation started by the emplacement of the Jim Crow laws. Their view of why the laws were put in place is different: Rabinowitz says more based on an unclear color line, compared to Woodward’s argument of the relaxation of support for blacks, and Litwack’s states the blacks would not stay in their place. These both contrast William’s argument that segregation was a social divide that was finally clarified with the implication of laws. Then both Ayers and Welke argue over how segregation came out of the railroad. The excerpt that was most convincing to me was Woodward’s article. He gave the reader a complete overview of the whole time period before Jim Crow and up to the strict enforcement of segregation that we think of today. Both sides of the argument are explained and easily understood. His main argument for segregations is the lack of opposition was very convincing and well explained. He shows how the dissolve of the opposition was on all fronts from Northern liberalism to the decisions in the Supreme Court. The Northern liberalism slowly backed down and the Supreme Court ruled on many cases in favor of segregation. Also how he shows how the affairs of the world impact issues of race relations here on the home front. The issue of the Pacific and Caribbean gave a â€Å"bloody shirt† also to the Democrats. This evened the field between the Republicans and Democrats. All the issues that he says leads up to segregation are clearly defined and are also explained in gre at detail so the reader is able to understand what is going on. These excerpts gave a brief look into the making of segregation. They all showed court cases and people’s testimonies about what helped to shape the ground of what would become the new south. The unfortunate enforcement of Jim Crow laws led to years of racial division and tension. Research Papers on The Beginning of Segregation - History EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionTrailblazing by Eric AndersonEffects of Television Violence on Children

Internationalization Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Internationalization Strategies - Essay Example An organization can also have facilities and economic interests in several countries. According to Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson (2011), the main reason firms go international is to extend the lifecycle of their products. Firms require expanding to secure required resources. Supply of raw materials has caused many Chinese companies to expand internationally. Industries such as electronics and clothing move their operations to foreign companies due to lower production coasts. Industrialization in different countries has caused similar demand for products. This has caused pressure in several companies to integrate their operations globally. People in developed countries have similarities in lifestyles and companies are forced to expand globally to meet increased demands. Business level- integrated cost leadership and differentiation Every business requires a competitive strategy in its domestic market. In international business the home country is the main source of competitive advantage. T he ability of a firm to expand into international countries depends on the resources and abilities established in the home country. However, as the business expands into the global market, the home country becomes less significant in providing competitive advantage Hitt, Ireland, Hoskisson (2011). As stated by Michael (1998), this advantage occurs in two types: cost leadership and differentiation. ... dership and differentiation are integrated actions aimed delivering goods or services at prices lower than competitors with features acceptable to customers. A business requires efficient scale facilities and control production costs and overhead tightly. Monitoring costs of competitor products helps an organization adjust its prices to lower levels. Advantages The firm concentrates on a segment of customers and tailors its strategies and resources to its service. Hoskisson (2008) argues that strategic competitiveness is achieved when the firm satisfies a group of customers. The firm is committed at providing customers with superior value to gain advantage over competitors. This helps a company increase its profit. For example, Ford Motors estimates that increase in customer loyalty creates approximately $100 million additional profits annually. Firms concentrate more on their core business activities. Firms channel most of their resources on core activities and carry out innovations aimed at satisfying their customers. SAS institute is a software company that allocated more than 30 percent of their revenues to R&D. the firm concentrates on its core competences to serve customers such as the U.S bureau. Companies maintain low costs while serving a wide segment of customers. In the case of airlines, flight attendants may be required to purchase their own uniforms and customers are charged to check luggage. Flight attendants spend time selling products like water, digital cameras and MP3 players to passengers. Global companies can participate in e-commerce. This improves customer relations management. Careful integration of technology in a firm increases successful competition of a business. CEMEX SA, a Mexican global cement company, uses the internet as a link between

Proposal for the analytical report Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

For the analytical report - Thesis Proposal Example ts and demerits of each approach as I compared and contrast direct mail and email  advertising strategies by trying to remain relevant to meet the client’s requirement. Finally, I will present a list of recommendation to my client providing him with the facts to make a policy on which strategy will best meet his marketing plan based on the analysis of the rhetorical situation presented. The scope of my study is will be determined by the benchmarks designed by the client. In this context, my client is disturb by which advertising strategy is effective based on the pros and cons of each approach. With respect to the client’s circumstance, there the comparative analysis will on one hand be executed based on looking for advantages and disadvantages and on the contrary the complaints from the customers based on each advertising strategy. In this option, the customers or consumers feedback based on the experiment of on each strategy will be used. For instance, email marketing has a risk of spam that makes the customer be dissatisfied and hence will not be recommended. In decision-making, I will peg my criteria assigned by the client. The study will require to avail consideration for the customer’s future objectives such as satisfying the customers through minimization of spam through direct mail instead of email marketing. My decision-making will also be due to the significant or number of clients netted in by each strategy. The study primary audience is the client who has requested for my service to be equipped in order to determine the appropriate advertising strategy. My client has offered a particular benchmark to guide my analysis and information gathering. My study outcome will be communicated majorly to address the customer and his situation. I will strictly remain focused on benchmarks given by the customer to amicably resolve the requirement of my client. The secondary audience for my study is the potential consumer who is disturbed by the increased

Cementless Fixation of Total Hip Replacements Essay

Cementless Fixation of Total Hip Replacements - Essay Example Literature supporting or refuting both philosophies is available. Cemented fixation - Cemented stems have a variety of smooth, textured, and coated surfaces that bond to a layer of cement. These stems occupy 80% of the medullary canal to allow for a mantle (ie, cement-occupied space). A centralizer is added to many cemented stems to keep the stem in the center of the canal, which provides a uniform space for the cement around the implant. (Canale, 1998, 314). Differing philosophies guide surgeons in selecting cemented femoral implants for patients. There was a trend in the 1980s to use more cementless implants; in the 1990s, cemented implants regained popularity. Currently, surgeons are favoring cementless techniques again as a result of proven extended service life in long-term outcome studies on porous implants. Cement is indicated when a patient's bone quality cannot be stabilized satisfactorily with a cement-less implant (Wheeless', 2003). The basic principle of uncemented fixation is that the initial stability of an implant is achieved by mechanical interlock and initial apposition of implant surfaces to host bone is converted to long-term stability by the ingrowth/ongrowth of a stable biological interface (Bloebaum etal, 1997) Cementless or pressfit fixation - with use of cemented impant systems, problems related to cement fixation, including loosening, bone loss, and signs of fragmented cement, were identified. Research efforts led to fixation without cement by using femoral stems tightly fit into the canal. This technique often is referred to as pressfit. Pressfit femoral stems have a porous surface that allows bone ingrowth into the stem, referred to as biological fixation (Hoffmann, 2000). One of the coating systems for implants is calcium phosphate-based material called calcium hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite is the inorganic phase of bone, is inherently compatible with the body, and has been shown to promote bone growth and enhance implant fixation (Geesink etal, 1987). It is used as an additional way to bond bone biologically to a stem and cup. These stems provide immediate implant stability and fit tightly to the endosteal cavity of the proximal femur. There are four basic shapes for press-fit femoral stems-anatomical (ie, bowed), modular, straight, and tapered (Canale, 1998, 315, Hoffmann etal, 2000). The anatomical stem has experienced increased popularity and market growth as a result of excellent long-term results documented in the literature (Hoffmann etal, 2000). The porous coated stem previously was indicated for use in active, young patients and for revision of cemented hips, but now surgeons are using pressfit stems in patients of all ages who have good bone stock (S Rapp, 2003, 14). Physiology of the cementless system Micromotion of 20 m or less at the bone-implant interface will create an environment in which stable bone ingrowth can occur, that motions of 40 m lead to less stable interfaces, and that motions of 150 mm will prevent this

Globalisation have dramatically accelerated the pace of change in modern organisations

Globalisation have dramatically accelerated the pace of change in modern organisations Introduction: Technology explosion and globalisation have dramatically accelerated the pace of change in modern organisations (Prastacos 2002). Organisational Change has become a compulsion in order to maintain competitive edge or be successful in modern businesses and a difficult process to implement in practice due to its complex nature (Hamel et al, 1996) The objectives of this report are to look at the significance of change within an organisation, relation between bureaucracy and hierarchy, stakeholders, models for involving stakeholders, models for change and etc within Tesco. Tesco was founded in 1924 by Sir Jack Cohen and had earlier roots from selling groceries in Londons East End markets. The first store to be opened was in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware. The first Tesco self-service store was opened in St Albans in 1948. In the 1960s, Tesco started to sell fresh food, clothing and household goods in addition to groceries and opened stores in high streets of towns across England. In the 1990s, Tesco started to expand its operations outside the UK into Eastern Europe. In 1992 Tesco opened its city center stores under the branding of Tesco Metro. In 1995 Tesco introduced the loyalty card and by the end of the 90s diversified further into banking. In the year 2000, Tesco is Britains leading food retailer with 845 stores. It prides itself on quality, customer service and a customer-friendly environment. Task-1: Question-1: Significant change within an organization: A description of the use of ICT for Internal External Communications of the business; Information and communication technology has totally transformed, over the last few years, which has led to a major change in the way communication flows through a business. This has had a massive affect on the way Tesco operates today, as they are a service-related organisation, as they dont produce their own goods. Some examples of changes in technology that have had an effect on the way Tesco communicates internally and externally are; Email- Is used to replace old methods such as faxes, telephone calls and letters, as e-mail is a lot quicker, especially if the message has to be sent to more than one person, it is more convenient than conventional methods, it is also used to correspond with suppliers. Internet- This allows Tesco to create a communication link with the global market; this allows better communication between staff and customers that are overseas. Tescos website allows its customers to see what they are doing externally (e.g.) how they help the local community, it also allows them to explore Tescos range of products and services. Customer can browse through 24 hours a day from anywhere in the world. Network Databases- Has allowed Tesco to replace the old traditional ways of filling and storing information. Customer Service-At Tesco any questions or complaints can be dealt with over the phone or through the Internet, this makes the communication process a lot quicker. Payment Methods- There are a number of ways in which Tescos customers can pay for their goods or services, some of the payment methods that are accepted at Tesco are; Cheque- Details can be printed out at the till, using the information given to produce a receipt. Cheques can be used to pay up to a given price. Debit Card- This allows the customer to pay for their goods or service without any cash, the transaction is automatically checked at the customers bank account, the payment is guaranteed once it has been checked if there is enough in the persons account. Credit Card- This is a similar process however, the money is not taken from the customers account, the sale is paid for at the time. Customers may also ask for up to £50 cash back. IT in store Operation- Information Technology is essential for any large organisation affectively, it is used for many in store operations, for example, monitoring sales, ordering stock etc. Tesco sell thousands of products, therefore they use computerised merchandising systems, to order the correct products to the correct place without these type of system it would be a very long process. Goods are no longer entered manually, which means accurate pricing is guaranteed, because Tesco sell thousands of products, each item has an individual barcode usually printed somewhere on the package, this allows Tesco to monitor their stock levels, which means that once a certain amount of a particular product is sold the computer will automatically re-order the product, this is known as the Sales Based Order. Home Shopping- Tesco has introduced a home shopping service with the use of information technology, this enables people to order their shopping from home using the internet, this is done through a computer programme, it allows its customers to order any of the products that the particular branch sells, orders can be placed 24 hours a day, orders are delivered to the customers home. These home shopper customers have to register and are given a personal ID number, payments for shopping can be made by debit and credit cards. Responsible some factors for significant change: The major sources of changes are the Environmental firstly, taking the shape of economic and political change where we had the rise of enterprise economy and market led economies. Moreover, new work patterns have emerged where more pat-time workers and permanent employees are used nowadays, and with the rise of competition from Europe, Japan or multinational corporations have made it difficult to cope correctly with employees. Finally, we must note the various and fast technological advancements which take place and the shortening of product life cycles that lead to short range strategies and increased flexibility. These factors are discussed as below: Competition in Marketplace: Since year 2004, Tesco, who considers to be a market leader as a Grocery retail sector in the UK not only faced first ever fall in its profit on sales but also faced fierce competition from existing new chains of food retailing market. It is true that falling sales and the first loss in the companys history have forced them to think about radical changes. The UK food retailing market is mature and highly competitive. In addition, the UK market has been affected by negative inflation in the food sector. This negative inflation has been driven by the so-called Wal-Mart effect i.e. downward pressure on prices from Asda / Wal-Marts aggressive Every Day Low Price strategy; it was the Wal-Mart effect that pressurized TESCO into a price war. Changes in Attitude of Customers: Due to high competition, company has faced a considerable change in attitude of customer towards its products. As a maneuver, Tesco has been making continuous attraction strategies for its customers to keep them in close intact in order to remain at top position. So, they always try to bring most attractive goods for the customers. The new option in the goods has been very well advertised nationwide as a result customers are very well attracted towards Tesco. Political factor:  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚   Public concern about the effect of out of town superstores on town centers has grown and both current and future planning policies will seriously hamper future development. Though conversions of existing stores allow some increase in selling space it is limited.  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚   Community organizations have since gained momentum consequent to the Competition Commissions ruling and have been lobbying neighborhoods to boycott supermarkets and large food manufacturers and instead support small independent suppliers, processors and retailers at the expense of large supermarkets like TESCO. Economic:   Businesses cannot control their environment however much they would wish to, instead they must react / adapt to changes within the environment, and this is particularly true in relation to the economy. In periods of recession, many businesses are forced to reduce staffing levels, whilst in boom periods of high growth businesses may seek to expand the size of their workforce to cater for increasing levels of demand for their goods / services. Whilst the UK economy has seen steady overall growth, there has for some time been a cycle of boom and slump within the economy, which has forced businesses to redefine their staffing needs. Social:  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The U.K population on a whole is far more health conscious than in previous years. There has been a trend away from genetically modified foods towards organic foods.  ¨Ã‚  Peoples wealth increases, with the decrease in time for shopping. Besides, people enjoy a busier lifestyle, fewer people cook everyday for themselves. Therefore, the ready meals have become welcome by consumers. Technology: The increasing dependency of businesses on technology to gain competitive advantage over competitors, and the subsequent need to keep pace with technological advances have resulted in increasing emphasis being placed on organisations ensuring that their staffs skill base is constantly re-assessed and developed, through training and recruitment to keep pace with the use of technology.  ¨Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Grocery retail sector is a major user of new technology. The increasing use of electronic data interchange, laser and self-scanning and other point-of-sale equipment has been a feature of recent innovations by retailers. The use of loyalty cards and the provision of financial and other services have also involved the introduction of sophisticated computer-based systems. Globalization: In the presence of globalization factor, Tesco also change its policies accordingly. This is considered to be one of the major changes in Tesco operations. Same trend has been showing in international regions also. By that company is working on a change to build strong reliable partners. Conclusion: Organisations are a vital part of our society and serve several important needs and demands.   How an organisation is managed in relation to actions of management and the decisions made have an impact on all concerned including other organisations, the community environment as well as individuals. As consumers plays the lifeblood role in Grocery Retail industry, TESCO approach remains Re-active, were it adopts low price strategy to attract customers. Also TESCO is often forced to change their strategy as the competition changes. Question-2: Relation between bureaucracy and hierarchy to the organisational structure and change: A bureaucracy is a type of organisational structure that is found in many large-scale organisations. It appears in both public and private organisations and is a structure that still exists in the majority of industrial organisations in the world, despite being around since the 18th century. Ideally bureaucracy is characterised by hierarchical authority relations, defined spheres of competence subject to impersonal rules, recruitment by competence, and fixed salaries. The main aims of a bureaucracy are to be rational, efficient, and professional. German sociologist, Max Weber was the most important student of bureaucracy, and he described bureaucracy as technically superior to all other forms of organization. Bureaucratic systems have a greater sense of direction and purpose than other types of organisation structure and this helped by the hierarchy of positions and well developed rule system that is consistent in a bureaucracy. Hierarchy structure is sometimes called the Pyramid structure. In this structure there are few people who working above others. These people such as Marketing Manager have more authority over their employees. In many businesses each part of the department is divided into specialists departments where they deal with different task but have the same overall aim. Management in this structure is led by Vertical Communication, which means that the communication goes from the top of the structure to the bottom of the structure. Advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy and hierarchy organisational form: Weber stressed (Conley, 2002) both the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracies. Advantages of bureaucratic system: Bureaucratic system is a very effective way of structuring an organisation. So, it has some advantages like as below: Bureaucracies provide a hierarchical structure whereby workers can rise through the ranks to positions of relative power. Progression is based on technical expertise thereby increasing the professional management of organisations. The development of written rules offered protection to less powerful workers and provided a basis for trade union negotiation. Bureaucracies replaced nepotism and favouritism with impersonal social relations and the basis for equality of treatment. Disadvantages of bureaucratic system: Although, bureaucracy organisational form is very effective for an organisation but it also offer various drawbacks which are as below: Hierarchies and rules formalise power structures and status divides in workplaces Rules cannot cover every eventuality and are themselves subject to interpretation. Over-attention to a rigid set of rules can often hinder the smooth running of an organisation Bureaucracies can create iron cages which dehumanise work The advantages of hierarchy structure are: A leader or leadership team can give the business a direction A leader or team could make quick appropriate decisions on behalf of the organisation. Employees are clear about their position and Span of control within the organisation. Employees know who to report to in events of problems instead of going to the owner directly for irrelevant issues. Employees become motivated because they get a chance to become promoted to a higher tier. The disadvantages of hierarchy structure are: Decisions can often take time to follow the chain of command. Employees can be demotivated if there are considered as at the bottom of the hierarchy. Decisions may be made by a few that are not in the interest of everyone on the organisation. After researching I have found out that the main structure that Tesco operate in is Hierarchy I think that this is a good structure mainly this is because there are more advantages then drawbacks plus this is a good structure to operate in for a big company like Tesco. Question-3 Compare and contrast of bureaucracy and hierarchy organisational form: Bureaucracy can have a positive effect on the organisation it could also cause alienation and sense of purposelessness from workers within the system. Working in a large bureaucratic organisation may induce the feeling that they are mere cogs in a huge machine, and therefore lead to unmotivated staff and a decrease of efficiency. Communication through the hierarchy may well be slow in a bureaucratic system, due to the tendency towards centralisation, which would affect the initiative at the lower levels. Due to the bureaucratic systems being well suited to predictable and stable situations, they are not very flexible and therefore find it hard to deal with conditions of change. The rules of a bureaucracy are very rigid and are designed to achieve organisational objectives. However due to the rigidity it may obstruct the attainment of goals and lose sight of its overall organisational objectives. Although bureaucracy has proved its need in the current business environment, there are still several downsides, not only for the organisation, but also for the employee. Many argue that in the twenty-first century, a bureaucratic organisation will be too expensive to maintain. It will also be incapable of responding quickly to change and will not be using the innovative resource of its members. Due to the hierarchical system, problems are usually passed upwards, preventing employees contributing to decisions, which will not promote proactive behaviour and can be damaging to an organisation. Task-2 Question-1 Stakeholders: A stakeholder in an organization is any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organizations objectives. (R. Edward Freeman, 46). In the changing business world, a wide range of stakeholders may have an involvement with an organization, such as shareholders, customers, investors, employees, the media, government and non-government organizations. Internal and connected stakeholders: Internal stakeholders include normal employees and managers of a business. In Tesco, the shareholders, the customers and other groups or individuals are involved in the business. These people are called connected stakeholders. All these are very important to Tesco. 1.  Employees: All the employees are important stakeholder to Tesco. The reason for this, that employees are closely involved with organisation. They have a strong influence on the business and the way that the business runs. The expectations that the employees have on Tesco are: A clean and safe working environment Job security Competitive pay rates and benefits such as discounts on Tesco products Interesting and rewarding work Opportunities for promotion and career structure Bonuses 2. Managers: All mangers as well as the directors of the company are stakeholders. In Tesco the manager has a major say on how the business should be run. The expectations that the manager has on Tesco are: developing a local or national reputation as a successful manger working the business to make it bigger than it is now For example at Tescos, those with a high achievement need such as Duty managers or departmental managers tend to seek situations where they have personal responsibility for solving problems, managing projects or for overall performance. 3. Shareholders: This group of stakeholders are interested in the financial part of the Tesco. The expectations that the shareholders has on Tesco are: Shareholders of Tesco want to receive a large and increasing proportion if the companys profits They also hope the companys share price will rise 4. Customers: Tesco are mainly focused on customers. This means that Tesco has to fill the expectations of their customers. These include: Good quality products delivered on time Fair prices After sales service and support, especially for high- technology products. This shows how Tesco are influenced by their customers- Tesco, the UKs largest retailer, buys enormous amounts of products from suppliers and so has great influence. 5. Suppliers: They are expecting to be paid on time and receive regular orders from their customers. Tescos suppliers are interested in any development that might affect the number and size of the orders. Tesco buys its own brand products from suppliers. All products are supplied to Tesco in a finished state. 6. Bankers: Banks and other financial organisations lend money to Tesco and will be concerned that their money is saved. They want Tesco to run successfully and to earn profits. External stakeholders: External stakeholders include individuals or organisations that have interest in the business but do not do anything and have no relationship with that business. 1. Government agencies: The government has lots of reasons to be interested in Tesco: The Inland Revenue collects income tax and corporation tax for Tesco. It is interested in the financial affairs of Tesco Customs and Excise collects Tescos taxes. It collects value added tax (VAT) 2. Pressure groups: These organisations are groups of people who combine to promote a particular view or cause. Pressure groups attempt to influence Tesco by: Campaigning Taking direct action against some firms. Tesco responds to pressure group because they want to have a good public image. 3. Local communities and society: Businesses are an important part of the society. Local communities expect Tesco to: provide stable employment for the community Avoid causing environmentally pollution, noise or other problems that might offend the community. Question-2 Models to involve stakeholders: In recent years, two useful models -a) the Power/Interest Matrix (Mendelow cited in Johnson and Scholes, 2002:208) and b) Power/Urgency/Legitimacy Model (Mitchell, et al., 1997) have become popular. Brief Introduction of these Two Models: To assist the analysis, the introduction of the two models is briefly explained in this section. a) The Power/Interest Matrix (shown as Figure 1) implies the political priorities for managing stakeholder relationships by assessing the level of interest and power for each stakeholder (Johnson and Scholes, 2002: 208). High Low High Low PowerE:managing environmentStakeholder Management Publications Management Portal.filesimage004.gif C D A B Level of Interest A Figure 1 Stakeholder Mapping: the Power/Interest Matrix Source: Johnson and Scholes, 2002 Adapted from A. Mendelow, Preceedings of the Second International Conference on Information Systems, Cambridge, MA, 1991. Source: It can be seen from Figure 1; the stakeholders in Segment D have the most important role among other stakeholders in the success of the strategy. Due to their high power, organisations should give adequate emphasis on the stakeholders in Segment C and attempt to meet their expectations. As for stakeholders in Segment B, organisations need to provide enough information to satisfy their high interest in the strategies or issues. Under some circumstances, some stakeholders (Segment A) neither have power nor interest, so it is unnecessary to invest too much in this group. b) The Power/Urgency/Legitimacy Model, illustrated as Figure 2, divides stakeholders into seven types and uses them to reflect a different degree of stakeholders salience which is related to the three basic attributes power, legitimacy and urgency perceived by organisational managers (Mitchell, et al., 1997). Legitimacy Power Dormant Discretionary Definitive Dominant Dependent Dangerous Demanding Urgency Figure 2 Power/Urgency/Legitimacy Model Source: Based on Mitchell, Agle and Wood 1997 Mitchell, et al (1997) made detailed explanations for the three attributes. Power means the possibility for a stakeholder to influence the outcome, originating from coercive, legitimate, expert, referent and reward. Urgency indicates time sensitivity and criticality of the situation. Regarding Legitimacy, it refers to the desire of stakeholders to judge the properness of the issue, based on norms, values and beliefs. Both two models are helpful to managers in pursuing success in stakeholder management. However, it is important to realise the limitations that each model might have in order for effective utilization of them. Question-3 Stakeholder mapping in Power/interest matrix model: Stakeholder mapping identifies stakeholder expectations and power and helps in establishing political priorities (Johnson, G Scholes, K. 1999: 215). This mapping can be carried out by means of Power/Interest Matrix (Johnson, G Scholes, K. 1999: 215), which classifies stakeholders in relation to the power they hold and the degree of interest they show to the organisation (Refer to Figure 4). Low A Minimal Effort B Keep Informed High C Keep Satisfied D Key Players Power Level of Interest Low High Figure 4-Stakeholder mapping: Power/Interest Matrix (Johnson, G Scholes, K.) Apply Power/Interest Matrix to Tescos Stakeholders: Considering the comments of Power/Interest Matrix for each group, we can ignore Segment A because it only has minimal effort on Tesco. As to Segment C and D, they are all key stakeholders and their expectations should be satisfied continuously. While for Segment B, it has high interest in Tesco and should be properly addressed through informing information to it. Indeed, stakeholders of Segment D (Owners, Top Managers, and etc) have the expectations of good payback and dividends which require Tesco maintains its profit generation in its strength business Traditional Imaging. On the other hand, these stakeholders also seek for capital growth in somewhat more potential business such as Digital Imaging. Stakeholders of Segment C (Customers) always expect better value for money, and they also enjoy the alternatives and value-added products Tesco provided, which ask Tesco to integrate Traditional Imaging with Digital Imaging to generate more innovation. Conclusion: Generally, the expectations of stakeholders of Tesco are diversely and variously. It is clearly that we should find out the key stakeholders and balance their expectations. Here, Owners, Top Managers, Creditors and Customers are identified as key stakeholders of Tesco and in particular their expectations are assessed separately. Obviously, Power/Interest Matrix points out the type of relationship which the organisation need to establish with every stakeholders group. Thus it is helpful in assessing the political ease or difficulty of particular strategic as well as in planning the political dimension of strategic changes Task-3 Question-1: Models for change: There are various models of change are established over the period of time. Every organization can develop adapt any of those models in change process according to the individual circumstances. Two important models of change which can be used during change management are as follows: Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) Total Quality Management (TQM) I have shortlisted two organizations for the said topic in order to expedite a brief report about adaptation of different models of change as and when required by them. The first organization was Tesco, London, UK. I worked as Manager Administration with this company for two years. When I joined the organization, it was in a recession phase due to certain circumstances. In those situations, management of the company including me decided to develop adapt the Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) model of change.   1. Business Process Re-engineering (BPR):-    BPR has four basic key components: Business Processes, Management Measurements, Jobs Structures, and Values Beliefs. BPR is considered to be a much more top-down managed form of change. BPR is best defined as: The fundamental rethinking radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance.   For clarity, it is appropriate also to define what BPR is not. BPR is not automation, restructuring or reorganisation, or delivering although these may be consequences of a BPR exercise. It is also helpful to consider why Tesco contemplated BPR given its radical nature. There were three probable reasons: The business was failing there was no option but to invoke radical change. Business difficulties were foreseen pre-emptive measures were deemed necessary to avoid business failure. The organization, rather than resting on its laurels wished to build on its success invoked radical change to widen its lead over the competition. 2. Total Quality (TQ):- This model of change was developed adapted by the organization operating by the name of Integrated Business Services (IBS), London, UK. In said company I was worked as Manager Sales Marketing. The company is the top rated production manufacturer house of various technical products including aerospace materials. TQ change model was used by the company in January 2004. The Brief description of the model is as follows: TQ comprises change invoked through four key components: Systems, Processes, People Management. TQ is best defined as meeting customer requirements in a context in which every individual in the organization is a customer of the process preceding their own, a supplier to the process succeeding their own. Thus customers are internal to the organization as well as external. Additionally TQ is a competitive concept because it is concerned with being the best, where best is defined by the market place rather than by the product or service provider the best companies will achieve the level of superiority that is usually high. Customer focus is the essence of TQ. Question-2: Necessary steps for planning the implementation process of the Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) model:- The Four Cornices of BPR Considered by Tesco plc-   1.  Business Processes: The essence of BPR for Tesco plc lied in the adaption of a process orientation. The characteristics of such an orientation were: Multidimensional:  Cross-functional working in organization required combining many tasks into one job or process, in so doing, eliminated hand-offs, reduced administrative overheads associated with controlling the previous fragmented steps provided a single point of contact for process-related queries. Continuous Improvement: BPR recognized continuous improvement in the form of process maintenance continual re-examination redesign of processes which, with time, once more became fragmented. 2.   Management Measurements:- The achievement of a process orientation demanded: Process Mapping:  Existing processes were process-mapped to establish what currently happens why, that was, to develop an understanding of current process. Benchmarking: World-wide cross-industry process comparisons were then be used to establish best practice provided a possible basis for process re-design. 3. Jobs and Structures:- The results of BPR in this regard were typically the following: Flat Structure:  Flat structure was adapted, a process rather than functional orientation, which together with process-teams performed managerial functions, reduced bureaucracy the requirement for complex, multi layer managerial hierarchies. Job Specification:  Job descriptions became comprehensive included details of required level of key competencies such that increased objectivity accuracy could be applied to selection appointment processes. 4. Values Beliefs:- Creating sustaining a process orientation in the Tesco plc demanded: Living the Values:  Senior management lead by example in Tesco plc in this regard. For example: by demonstrating the notion of being customer-facing by spen

Shapes Investigation :: Papers

Shapes Investigation doing an investigation to look at shapes made up of other shapes (starting with triangles, then going on squares and hexagons. I will try to find the relationship between the perimeter (in cm), dots enclosed and the amount of shapes (i.e. triangles etc.) used to make a shape. From this, I will try to find a formula linking P (perimeter), D (dots enclosed) and T (number of triangles used to make a shape). Later on in this investigation T will be substituted for Q (squares) and H (hexagons) used to make a shape. Other letters used in my formulas and equations are X (T, Q or H), and Y (the number of sides a shape has). I have decided not to use S for squares, as it is possible it could be mistaken for 5, when put into a formula. After this, I will try to find a formula that links the number of shapes, P and D that will work with any tessellating shape - my 'universal' formula. I anticipate that for this to work I will have to include that number of sides of the shapes I use in my formula. Method I will first draw out all possible shapes using, for example, 16 triangles, avoiding drawing those shapes with the same properties of T, P and D, as this is pointless (i.e. those arranged in the same way but say, on their side. I will attach these drawings to the front of each section. From this, I will make a list of all possible combinations of P, D and T (or later Q and H). Then I will continue making tables of different numbers of that shape, make a graph containing all the tables and then try to devise a working formula. As I progress, I will note down any obvious or less obvious things that I see, and any working formulas found will go on my 'Formulas' page. To save time, perimeter, dots enclosed, triangles etc. are written as their formulaic counterparts.

Alladin Essay

I enjoy going to the movies. My experience with movies began when my mom and dad first took me to watch â€Å"Alladin†(1992) a Disney feature film. I remember the long line of kids with their parents queuing up for popcorn and soda right before entering the darkened theater. If there was one word to describe how I felt and must have looked while watching what seemed to me giant cartoon characters dancing and singing on the big screen, I am guessing it would be â€Å"spellbound†. Nowadays, my affinity with the movies remains. To me there’s nothing better than settling down with popcorn, a soda, and perhaps a slice of pizza and maybe some candy while waiting for the movie to start. For anywhere between $7. 00-$9. 50, I can spend about a couple of hours eating while losing myself in the story that I have stood in line for to watch. There’s nothing else for me to do but sit back, relax and enjoy the program†¦Or at least that’s what’s supposed to happen. Like most â€Å"adult† relationships, my relationship with the movies has come to be of a â€Å"love/hate† nature. While I still enjoy the films, often I find my reverie and trip to â€Å"a state of mental suspension† interrupted by the most unbelievable and dismaying things. For example, comedies are a favorite of mine. Whether through slapstick or the more sophisticated and witty comedies, I enjoy a good joke as much as the next person does. Unfortunately, when that â€Å"next person’s† version of a laugh is loud and unrestrained and mixed with comments of â€Å"Boy I sure didn’t see that coming! that persists even after the funny part is through, it can rather put a crimp on my personal enjoyment. Date movies aren’t much better either. It can get rather difficult to distinguish whether the sounds I’m hearing are coming from the film or from the row behind me. I’ve noticed that in particularly mushy scenes, it is not unusual to hear sotto voce whispers of sweet nothings among the courting couples and giggling among the teenaged girls in the audience every time the lead characters would kiss . It can also be rather irritating when, in the middle of a rather climactic scene, some person’ s mobile phone would just go off ringing. Only three things can possibly happen then. One, the ringing is suddenly silenced by the apologetic offender hitting either the â€Å"reject† or â€Å"off† button. Two, ringing phone will be answered and â€Å"I’ll call you back† will be quickly whispered. Three, offender will let the phone play out the whole of his ring tone too mortified to admit ownership of the ringing phone and practically ruining two minutes o or more of the film for the rest of the audience. Of course I haven’t even mentioned this very select group of people who just can’t not take the call †¦ It can be unbelievable how important some people seem to think they are that they forget that they are intruding on the rights of others. And then there are also these people who seem to think that it is their sworn duty and obligation to provide a running commentary of the film’s story. For some reason, some people who have seen the film before and have gone to watch the movie again with friends feel obligated to assure their companions â€Å"Don’t worry. The bomb won’t explode. Just you wait and so-and-so hero will arrive in just a few seconds. † After which they proceed to detail how the hero or heroine will save the day. It can get rather tempting to just turn around and admonish them for this. If it’s not the plot spoilers, there are people who just can’t keep their emotions to themselves. I remember one time when I was sitting watching the film â€Å"Constantine† (2005) and heard several screams of the word â€Å"Run† or â€Å"Hide! in about five different languages from the audience. If I ever needed proof of how culturally diverse America has become, well there it was. Don’t get me wrong though. Despite all these, my enjoyment of the silver screen remains. While I admit that there were a few times when I â€Å"cheated† and just opted for a quiet night at home with some select DVD’s and some snacks on my sofa, I still go back to the movie theater. I suppose it can be viewed as a quirk of mine but I do miss the battle of wills I get into with my next-seat neighbor on who claims â€Å"rights† to the armrest separating our seats. I miss the â€Å"stand off† that takes place between myself and the guy behind me after I ask him to please take his foot off my seat back. All these things do not diminish my excitement of seeing the anticipation and enjoyment shared on the audience’s faces including my own as the movie starts its magic with the flashing of its beginning credits. Most of all, I look forward to the many and various reactions among the audience as the final credits roll on the screen and the house lights come on. It’s sad that some people can’t seem to fully appreciate the movie-going experience and treat it along with its audience with the respect they deserve. For me, despite the not so nice experiences in the movie house, the magic and excitement of going to the movies still exist. Our relationship endures and remains strong.

The Crucifixion of Christ Essays

The Crucifixion of Christ Essays The Crucifixion of Christ Essay The Crucifixion of Christ Essay The Catholic Church base all her teachings of faith in Jesus Christ, whom God the Father has sent into the world for the salvation of all peoples. All this history of salvation finds its culmination in the Paschal Mystery of Christ that consist in all which He has done for us through His Passion, death, and resurrection. The passion story is probably the oldest continuous narrative about Jesus. Therefore, The four Gospels show us different details of Jesus’ crucifixion: the mocking of the crowds and their leaders (Mark 15:29-31; Matt 27:41-43; Luke 23:35) Jesus’ thirst on the cross (John 19:28) and the dividing of his clothing (Matt 27:35; Mark 15:24; Luke 23:34; John 19:24). All of these details found in the gospels concerning the Crucifixion are the fulfillment of Psalm 22 as the messianic prophesy of the dead of Christ. The liturgy uses psalm 22 to interpret the Passion, Death and Resurrection of Christ, because, in a real sense, it gives a vivid picture of Jesus’ entire Passover from death to life. The echoes of Psalm 22 in the passion accounts of the gospels make it difficult for a Christian to recite it without recalling points of contact between the two1. As we know, for the Jewish Tradition much of the Old Testament was understood as the history of salvation and a prophecy of its fulfillment in the coming of the messiah but for us as Christians that fulfillment is embodied in Jesus of Nazareth. The evangelists interpreted the Crucifixion in the light of psalm 22, as they adopted its language and alluded to it in their narratives; they understood the life of Jesus and all the details of his person as a fulfillment of prophesies, notably in the psalms. For this reason, I going to emphasize in the fact ofCrucifixion of Christ as that messianic prophecy from the Old Testament, having as a reference Psalms 22, verses 16- 18 written by King David whom as a prophet spoke about the death and suffering of the messiah for the